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Hebrew Nikud

Hebrew nikud (vowel points) reference for AI agents. Correct nikud rules for verb conjugations (binyanim), dagesh, gender suffixes, homographs, and common mistakes. Use before adding nikud to Hebrew text (especially for TTS).

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Hebrew nikud (vowel points) reference for AI agents. Correct nikud rules for verb conjugations (binyanim), dagesh, gender suffixes, homographs, and common mistakes. Use before adding nikud to Hebrew text (especially for TTS).

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ClawHub primary doc Primary doc: SKILL.md 24 sections Open source page

Hebrew Nikud (ניקוד) Reference

A reference guide for adding selective nikud to Hebrew text. Designed for AI agents that need accurate pronunciation hints (e.g., for TTS).

Golden Rule

Only add nikud when you're 100% certain it's correct. Wrong nikud is worse than no nikud — the TTS model will read your mistake literally instead of guessing correctly from context.

When to Add Nikud

Ambiguous consonants (dagesh in בכ"פ) Gender-specific suffixes Homographs (same spelling, different pronunciation) Foreign names and loanwords Stress placement that changes meaning When in doubt — don't nikud. Let the TTS model guess from context.

1. Vowel Symbols Reference

SymbolNameSoundExampleַפַּתָח (Patach)aכַּלְבּ (kalb)ָקָמָץ (Kamatz)a (sometimes o)שָׁלוֹם (shalom)ֶסֶגוֹל (Segol)eמֶלֶךְ (melekh)ֵצֵרֵי (Tzere)eלֵב (lev)ִחִירִיק (Hiriq)iסִפֵּר (siper)ֹחוֹלָם (Holam)oכֹּל (kol)וֹחוֹלָם מָלֵאoשׁוֹמֵר (shomer)ֻקֻבּוּץ (Kubutz)uקֻבּוּץ (kubutz)וּשׁוּרוּק (Shuruk)uסוּס (sus)ְשְׁוָא (Shva)silent or eזְמַן (zman)ֲחֲטַף פַּתַחshort aחֲלוֹם (khalom)ֱחֲטַף סֶגוֹלshort eנֶאֱמָן (ne'eman)ֳחֲטַף קָמָץshort oצׇהֳרַיִם (tzohorayim)

Shva Rules (שְׁוָא)

Start of word → vocal (na): בְּרֵאשִׁית (bereshit) End of word → silent (nach): כָּתַבְתְּ (katavt) Two consecutive → first silent, second vocal: יִשְׁמְרוּ (yishmeru) After long vowel → vocal: כּוֹתְבִים (kotvim) After short vowel → silent: מַלְכָּה (malka)

Begedkefet (בגדכפ"ת)

Six letters historically changed sound with dagesh. In modern Hebrew, only three still have audible differences: LetterWith dagesh (hard)Without dagesh (soft)Audible in modern Hebrew?בּBV (ב)✅ YesגּGGh (ג)❌ No (both G)דּDDh (ד)❌ No (both D)כּKKh (כ)✅ YesפּPF (פ)✅ YesתּTTh (ת)❌ No (both T) For TTS purposes, only בכ"פ matter (B/V, K/Kh, P/F).

When does dagesh appear?

Dagesh Lene (light) — hardening, in begedkefet letters: At the start of a word (after pause): בַּיִת (bayit) After a silent shva: מִסְפָּר (mispar - the פ has dagesh) Dagesh Forte (strong) — doubling, in any letter except gutturals (אהחע"ר): After the definite article הַ: הַבַּיִת (habayit) In Pi'el/Pu'al/Hitpa'el verb patterns: סִפֵּר, דִּבֵּר After prepositions with article: בַּבַּיִת (babayit)

Common dagesh examples for TTS

Pe/Fe (פּ/פ) — most error-prone: פִּיצָה (pizza), פִּייר (Pierre), פַּעַם (pa'am) פּוֹלִיטִיקָה (politika), פָּרִיז (Paris) אוֹפֶּרָה (opera), קָפּוּצִ'ינוֹ (cappuccino) Bet/Vet (בּ/ב): בְּסֵדֶר (b'seder), בְּדִיוּק (bediyuk), בְּרָכָה (brakha) בּוֹסְטוֹן (Boston), בֵּירָה (bira - beer) Kaf/Khaf (כּ/כ): כּוֹס (kos), כַּמָּה (kama), כּוֹכָב (kokhav) כְּרִיסְטִינָה (Christina)

3. Verb Conjugations (בניינים)

Hebrew has 7 verb patterns. This is the hardest part — if unsure of the binyan, don't nikud the verb.

פָּעַל (Pa'al / Qal) — Basic active

FormPatternExamplePast 3msקָטַלכָּתַב (wrote), שָׁמַר (guarded), לָמַד (learned)Past 3fsקָטְלָהכָּתְבָה, שָׁמְרָהPast 1sקָטַלְתִּיכָּתַבְתִּיPresent msקוֹטֵלכּוֹתֵב (writes), שׁוֹמֵר, לוֹמֵדPresent fsקוֹטֶלֶתכּוֹתֶבֶתFuture 3msיִקְטוֹליִכְתּוֹב, יִשְׁמוֹרInfinitiveלִקְטוֹללִכְתּוֹב, לִשְׁמוֹר

פִּעֵל (Pi'el) — Intensive active

FormPatternExamplePast 3msקִטֵּלסִפֵּר (told), דִּבֵּר (spoke), בִּקֵּשׁ (asked), לִמֵּד (taught)Past 3fsקִטְּלָהסִפְּרָה, דִּבְּרָהPresent msמְקַטֵּלמְסַפֵּר (tells), מְדַבֵּר (speaks), מְלַמֵּד (teaches)Future 3msיְקַטֵּליְסַפֵּר, יְדַבֵּרInfinitiveלְקַטֵּללְסַפֵּר, לְדַבֵּר

הִפְעִיל (Hif'il) — Causative active

FormPatternExamplePast 3msהִקְטִילהִסְבִּיר (explained), הִזְמִין (invited), הִתְחִיל (started)Present msמַקְטִילמַסְבִּיר (explains), מַזְמִין (invites)Future 3msיַקְטִיליַסְבִּיר, יַזְמִיןInfinitiveלְהַקְטִיללְהַסְבִּיר, לְהַזְמִין

הִתְפַּעֵל (Hitpa'el) — Reflexive

FormPatternExamplePast 3msהִתְקַטֵּלהִתְקַשֵּׁר (called), הִסְתַּכֵּל (looked)Present msמִתְקַטֵּלמִתְקַשֵּׁר, מִסְתַּכֵּלInfinitiveלְהִתְקַטֵּללְהִתְקַשֵּׁר

נִפְעַל (Nif'al) — Passive of Pa'al

FormPatternExamplePast 3msנִקְטַלנִכְתַּב (was written), נִשְׁמַר (was guarded)Present msנִקְטָלנִכְתָּב, נִשְׁמָרInfinitiveלְהִקָּטֵללְהִכָּתֵב

פֻּעַל (Pu'al) — Passive of Pi'el

FormPatternExamplePast 3msקֻטַּלסֻפַּר (was told), בֻּקַּשׁ (was requested)Present msמְקֻטָּלמְסֻפָּר (is told), מְבֻקָּשׁ (wanted/requested)

הֻפְעַל (Huf'al) — Passive of Hif'il

FormPatternExamplePast 3msהֻקְטַלהֻסְבַּר (was explained), הֻזְמַן (was invited)Present msמֻקְטָלמֻסְבָּר (is explained), מֻזְמָן (is invited)

⚠️ Common Verb Confusions

WordWrongRightWhyסיפרסָפַר (counted, Pa'al)סִפֵּר (told, Pi'el)Different binyan!דיברדָּבַר (thing/noun)דִּבֵּר (spoke, Pi'el)Noun vs verbביקשבָּקַשׁבִּקֵּשׁ (asked, Pi'el)Pi'el, not Pa'alלמדלָמַד (learned, Pa'al)לִמֵּד (taught, Pi'el)Pa'al vs Pi'elהסבירהֶסְבֵּרהִסְבִּיר (explained, Hif'il)Hif'il patternשמרשָׂמַר (guarded)שִׂמֵּר (preserved, Pi'el)Context-dependent Rule of thumb: Simple action → Pa'al (כָּתַב wrote, שָׁמַר guarded) Intensive / caused action → Pi'el (סִפֵּר told, דִּבֵּר spoke, לִמֵּד taught) Made someone do → Hif'il (הִסְבִּיר explained, הִזְמִין invited) Was done to → Nif'al/Pu'al/Huf'al (נִכְתַּב was written)

4. Gender Suffixes

SuffixMaleFemaleYour (singular)ְךָ (-kha)ֵךְ (-ekh)You (pronoun)אַתָּהאַתְּTo youלְךָלָךְYou (object)אוֹתְךָאוֹתָךְOf youשֶׁלְּךָשֶׁלָּךְYour (plural)ְכֶם (-khem, m)ְכֶן (-khen, f)

Examples

מה שלומְךָ? (to male) מה שלומֵךְ? (to female) יש לְךָ זמן? (to male) יש לָךְ זמן? (to female) אני אוהב אוֹתְךָ (male object) אני אוהב אוֹתָךְ (female object)

5. Common Homographs

Words spelled the same but pronounced differently: SpellingPronunciation 1Pronunciation 2Pronunciation 3ספרסֵפֶר (book)סָפַר (counted)סִפֵּר (told) / סַפָּר (barber)בקרבּוֹקֶר (morning)בָּקָר (cattle)בִּקֵּר (visited)עולםעוֹלָם (world)עוֹלֵם (concealing)ילדיֶלֶד (child)יָלַד (gave birth)חלקחֵלֶק (part)חָלָק (smooth)חִלֵּק (divided)קראקָרָא (read/called)קוֹרֵא (reader)ערבעֶרֶב (evening)עָרֵב (pleasant)עָרַב (guaranteed)כלבכֶּלֶב (dog)כָּלֵב (Caleb, name)אכלאָכַל (ate)אוֹכֵל (food/eating)גדולגָּדוֹל (big)גִּדּוּל (growth/tumor)

6. Foreign Names & Loanwords

The model often mispronounces foreign words. Add dagesh for P/B/K sounds: WordNikudWhyפִּייר (Pierre)dagesh in פP not Fפָּרִיז (Paris)dagesh in פP not Fפִּיצָה (pizza)dagesh in פP not Fבּוֹסְטוֹן (Boston)dagesh in בB not Vכְּרִיסְטִינָה (Christina)dagesh in כK not Khפּוֹלִין (Poland)dagesh in פP not Fקָפּוּצִ'ינוֹ (cappuccino)dagesh in פP not Fבּוּדָפֶּשְׁט (Budapest)dagesh in בּ and פּB and Pפּוֹרְטוּגָל (Portugal)dagesh in פP not Fבַּרְצֶלוֹנָה (Barcelona)dagesh in בB not V

7. Preposition Nikud Rules

Prepositions בְּ (be-), כְּ (ke-), לְ (le-) change nikud in certain situations: Before...RuleExampleRegular consonantShva: בְּבְּבַיִת (bevayit)Shva consonantHiriq: בִּבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם (birushalayim)Definite article הַAbsorb article: בַּבַּבַּיִת (babayit = in the house)Hataf vowelMatch the hatafבַּאֲמִתָּה (ba'amita)

8. Quick Decision Tree

Should I add nikud to this word? │ ├─ Is it a common word with obvious pronunciation? │ └─ YES → Don't nikud (מה, יש, אני, הוא, שלום, טוב, etc.) │ ├─ Is it a בכ"פ letter that could go either way? │ └─ YES → Add dagesh if it's P/B/K (not F/V/Kh) │ ├─ Is it a gender suffix (ך, את)? │ └─ YES → Add nikud for the correct gender │ ├─ Could it be read as a different word (homograph)? │ └─ YES → Add nikud to disambiguate │ ├─ Is it a foreign name or loanword? │ └─ YES → Add dagesh for P/B/K sounds │ ├─ Is it a verb where the binyan matters? │ │ │ ├─ Am I certain of the binyan? │ │ └─ YES → Add nikud per the binyan table above │ │ │ └─ Am I NOT certain? │ └─ DON'T nikud it! Let TTS guess. │ ├─ Am I 100% sure of the correct nikud? │ ├─ YES → Add it │ └─ NO → Don't add it! │ └─ Default: Don't nikud.

9. Common Mistakes to Avoid

Over-nikuding — Adding nikud to every word makes TTS worse, not better Wrong binyan — סָפַר (counted) instead of סִפֵּר (told) is a classic Forgetting dagesh in loanwords — פיצה sounds like "fitza" without dagesh Kamatz vs Kamatz Katan — Both look like ָ but kamatz katan sounds "o" (כָּל = kol) Mixing gender suffixes — ְךָ (male) vs ֵךְ (female) are easy to confuse Nikuding when unsure — If you're not 100% certain, DON'T. The TTS model's contextual guess is usually better than wrong nikud.

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